The figure shows how to couple two TTL circuits using an optical coupler to obtain isolation. The circuit is shown in the August 1992 issue of Radio Electronics magazine.
In the figure we have the way to implement a 5 to 45 V zener diode with 50 mA of maximum current...
This circuit is from a Radio Electronics magazine from December 1958. The indicator instrument is analog...
These integrated ones consist of class B amplifiers with gain fixed 24 internally for better...